停电是我们气候变化世界的毁灭性现实2021年史无前例的冬季风暴击出电源数以百万计德克萨斯人数日杀百人,勉强省省电网从崩溃边缘破记录热浪
暴风雨摧毁基础设施如传输线和分站-只看一看波多黎各发生的事情后玛利亚飓风和最近菲奥娜
多停电可归结于电机系统如何运作即电网目标一经电厂生成即向家供电大池电等待需求暴增专家说需要改变
Ecric Fournier表示:「电力系统即时系统,微小错误空间
曾有易解法网格操作符需要更多电源时 即时燃烧更多化石燃料满足需求但它使气候变化恶化(电代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代代负责25%占美国温室气体排放总量之和恶性循环:气候变化推动电网到极限.
切换清洁能源显然是解决办法风能和太阳能效率高,但并不总是可用: 夜间太阳能关机,风力涡轮机无法在静止日生成电源可再生能源需求仍然比供应快
我们需要一种存储可再生电的方法听起来像电池电池-至少是手机和汽车中发现的那种-不一定是最佳解决办法液离电池已成为可充电电池的实际标准并用于从手机和笔记本电脑到电车等一切领域,生产费用昂贵,可能比静态存储机架更适合便携式应用
Dharik Malapragada说,“我们需要思考超出传统锂电池的解决方案”,MIT能源倡议首席研究科学家兼联合作者最近研究未来能源存储钱是每个人脑海COP27上联合国气候谈判目前正在埃及展开,世界需要支付得起的解决方案,这对富裕和贫穷国家都有效。
Mallapragada表示,视之为拼图 每一块都发挥系统作用
电网是一个大型机器制作电池时,我们必须想大而怪异本周集无法解释Vox播客关于未解题的播客, 我们探索电网未来电池长相, 从时间测试到梦幻有多种方式装闪电
电池建山
Verbund Mooserperre大坝位于奥地利Kaprun市,容量830兆瓦-足以为近100 000所住宅提供一周以上电源
AkosStiller/Bloomberg通过Getty图像
基本层次上 所有电池都通过电机工作 存储成一种不同的能源形式 并恢复电源
锂电池是化学电池,这意味着它们存储电作化学能效率高通常可释放90%以上注入的能量
可电池没有基础化学能-有各种其他能类型我们可以转换电化举例说 泵化水
泵储水电或泵水电是目前在美国运行的最大电网存储电池也是最老的首个泵化水电设施打开康涅狄格州纽米尔福德市,1930年
水泵背后的概念相当直截了当电厂-特别是风等可再生电厂-产生比我们用得多电量,电网操作员最终不得不简单地倾弃电源,过程称为“串通化”。
但如果再生电厂连接泵水,超能可用上山泵水填水.上山运动提高水的潜在能量时能释放水 通过水电轮机发送 将潜在能恢复为电
70年代和80年代 泵化水电在美国起飞 那时美国看到核电兴旺核电厂极善于连续全时电量, Mallapragada表示,
电网运营商搭建泵式水电站以存储核电厂在低能使用时产生的超能无泵水力, 能量本可浪费类似太阳能和风电厂所面临的难题, 最近一些泵式水电站看到它们的能源从核能转向可再生能源。
时间测试高效解决方案建更多泵式水电厂对清洁能源的未来效果良好
水泵不完全:它需要具体的地理图建水泵电站往往需要空出崎岖的风景以安装水泵和其他基础设施向水库运水
这是一个耗能耗资过程泵化水体在某些情况下可以工作, 特别是当现有设施向可再生能源过渡时, 它只是Malapragada拼图能量存储解决方案的一部分Mallapragada表示, 其中一块块甚至可以在泵水力应用原理
无山建一
泵水核心使用重力拉下坡并变电
工程师基本上可以自己建山重力存储器:这些电池不举水投水,而举水并下固块像混凝土
最引人注意版技术出自公司能量洞.原型建于瑞士多臂起重机使用可再生能源取出35吨混凝土块块,缓慢环建水泥塔并存储太阳能和风能为潜在能需要能源时流程倒置:起重机让块下降,卸下电缆并供电电机
最近版EnergyVault存储解决方案看起来比平面多点-起重机已被装满30吨砖电梯的仓库式楼所取代-下文视频中可以看到-但底层概念不变,即使用超可再生能源为拆分块机制提供电源,当没有可再生能源时丢弃机制
概念并不限于搭建塔或搭建电梯砖块其它公司正在探索使用废弃矿井作为潜在的重力存储场点,帮助稳定电网时的能量峰值
重力存储梯度 山尺寸屏障阻塞 新建泵水力站, 专家说它应该像泵水力站一样高效建重力存储系统同样耗能, 成本可能大于收益-特别是当锂离子电池继续廉价时-
EnergyVault表示它努力降低成本, 特别是原材料成本:公司讲解WIRED的Matt Reynolds表示新砖可以用废材而不是混凝土制成,减少系统搭建的能量载荷
巨型热能可重定位老化石燃料技术
能源转换方程中的一个关键问题-并目前占据COP27国际谈判者的思想-是如何支付费用,特别是在最近安装化石燃料电厂的国家中。
美国老化化石燃料电厂队接近(或在某些情况下远超)退休年龄,印度和中国等国家则拥有拥有余余存的煤电厂。
热能存储点热存储系统使用风轮机或太阳能板等源的可再生电热来加热特别能捕热的材料,像熔盐,并用绝缘法环绕它以基本造出巨热热释放产生蒸气或热空气 驱动轮机 就像今天煤或核电厂
2019年1月中国安徽省通灵煤厂热能存储可用于改用煤厂存储可再生能源
QilaiShen/Bloomberg通过Getty图像
Mallaphragada对热存储潜力特别兴奋,因为它通过交换燃煤热存储器等方法有可能用于现有化石燃料厂解决多重问题:大片现有基础设施可以保留煤电网已经连接煤电站,节省成本,这些电厂的许多现有作业将转由存储热能电厂提供,这意味着更公平的能源转换
对发展中国家来说,这可能是游戏变换器热存储也有一些下行点重力存储泵水力高效通常能回收近70%到85%的存储能量热存储效率低得多,所以不能单靠它空投拼图比全图还多
Rust可以是我们的朋友
迄今讨论的每一种解决办法都与化学电池无关即使是锂离子可能不是网格最优解法 仍然有一些化学电池值得考虑其中一个甚至使用的东西与锂不同 无处不在:生锈
鲁斯特通常是麻烦事一种叫铁气电池的电池头部转动这个思想
铁气电池与我们传统上认为电池最相似:它们依赖化学反应存储释放能量,就像锂离子电池一样。传统电池通常是组合两个或两个以上化学物铁气电池中化学物之一是铁——我们星球上最丰富的金属之一。
另一种化学作用空气中的氧气环绕
铁生锈我们都知道这一点生锈是一种化学反应,称为氧化, 和锂离子电池的反应相似,它可以反转也就是说,我们可以加注生锈铁
仿佛电用来擦铁:充电保持折面氧化,但铁自然状态需要生锈任由铁生素基本推出电子时间再充电时进程反转
听来都有点ci-fi,但思想正快速成真公司调用表格能源最近签名协议使用Georgia工具建铁气电池 存储价值100小时的能量公司最终希望建铁气电池场大小相邻洗衣机大小可视社区需求
malapragada警告说,建设生锈电池“容易说比做。”很难找到化学组合的甜点,即充电和排空而不沿途损失过多能量。
Rusting铁不是世界上最高效电池-它40%至60%效率范围比超高效锂90+百分数淡化-但它造价低得多容易锂离电池需要各种有限金属铁无处不在
拼接片段
能源存储并不会简单化 也不会有单一解决方案 带我们到一个免化石燃料之地上头提到的电池可能连用都没用多片仍在早期测试但这些解决方案加在一起 多我们在这里没有触及, 仍然是向正确方向迈出的重要步子
或热罐或仓库充斥生铁即便极端天气变差 存储能量能帮助我们 实战风暴
Malapragada表示:「我很乐观我们能解决问题,右解答对加利福尼亚州将大相径庭 比对东北或国家其他地方或世界其他地方大相径庭我们拥有所有片段我们只需要想出方法 让他们一起工作
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